Equine Immunology Reviews

• Selected Papers

• References

• Articles in Popular Press

Selected Papers on Equine Immunology

Equine Immunology Reviews

Immunology of horses and donkeys (1)

Cytokines production in equine diseases (2)

Equine immunology workshops (3-7)

Primary immunodeficiencies of horses (8, 9)

Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses (10)

Exercise and immune function in the horse (11-13, 89)

Equine Immune Response to Infectious and Parasitic Agents

Equine immunity to viruses (14-19, 90-95)

Equine immunity to parasites (20-23)

Equine immunity to bacteria (24-33)

Equine Immunoglobulins

Fc receptors in horses (34-36)

Equine immunoglobulin gamma chain subclasses and their characterization (37-40)

Organization of the equine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes (38, 40-43)

Immunology of the Foal

Characterization of cellular immune function in foals (44-48)

Immunoglobulins in foals (49-53)

Immunologic disorders in neonatal foals (54, 55)

Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: A review (56)

Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity Disorders

Hypersensitivity disorders in horses. (57)

Inflammation in horses.(58)

Equine autoimmunity.(59)

Immune-mediated skin diseases in the horse. (60, 61)

Equine insect (Culicoides) hypersensitivity.(62, 63)

Immunologically mediated ocular disease in the horse. (64)

Immunopathology of recurrent uveitis in spontaneously diseased horses. (65)

Antibodies to equine IgE. (66-68)

Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO, heaves, SPAOPD)

The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. (69)

Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and airway CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.(70)

Chronic exacerbation of equine heaves is associated with an increased expression of interleukin-17 mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells.(71)

IL-4 induced CD23 (FcepsilonRII) up-regulation in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. (72)

IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. (73)

Comparison of TGF-beta 1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid of horses affected with heaves and of normal controls. (74)

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. (75)

Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses.(76)

Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction. (77)

Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile.(78)

Immune Response of the Old Horse

The effect of aging on the equine immune responses (79-82)

Equine Vaccine Development and Testing

Equine Influenza (83, 84, 88)

Equine Herpesvirus (85, 86, 88)

References

1. Lunn, D. P., D. Hannant, and D. W. Horohov. 1998. Immunology of horses and donkeys. In Handbook of Vetebrate Immunology. P. Pastoret, H. Bazin, P. Griebel, and H. Govaerts, eds. Academic Press, London. LOC.

2. Horohov, D., C. Swiderski, J. Robinson, and T. Klei. 1998. Cytokine production in various equine disease settings. In Cytokines in Veterinary Medicine. M. C. Horzinek, and V. E. C. J. Schilns, eds. CAB International, London, UK. LOC.

3. Slater, J. D., D. P. Lunn, D. W. Horohov, D. F. Antczak, L. Babiuk, C. Breathnach, Y. W. Chang, N. Davis-Poynter, N. Edington, S. Ellis, C. Foote, L. Goehring, C. W. Kohn, J. Kydd, T. Matsumura, J. Minke, P. Morley, J. Mumford, T. Neubauer, D. O'Callaghan, K. Osterrieder, S. Reed, K. Smith, H. Townsend, K. van der Meulen, M. Whalley, and W. D. Wilson. 2006. Report of the equine herpesvirus-1 Havermeyer Workshop, San Gimignano, Tuscany, June 2004. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 111:3. PubMed.

4. Steinbach, F., C. Deeg, S. Mauel, and B. Wagner. 2002. Equine immunology: offspring of the serum horse. Trends Immunol 23:223. PubMed.

5. Marti, E., D. W. Horohov, D. F. Antzak, S. Lazary, and D. Paul Lunn. 2003. Advances in equine immunology: Havemeyer workshop reports from Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Hortobagy, Hungary. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 91:233. PDF. PubMed.

6. Lunn, D. P., M. A. Holmes, D. F. Antczak, N. Agerwal, J. Baker, S. Bendali-Ahcene, M. Blanchard-Channell, K. M. Byrne, K. Cannizzo, W. Davis, M. J. Hamilton, D. Hannant, T. Kondo, J. H. Kydd, M. C. Monier, P. F. Moore, T. O'Neil, B. R. Schram, A. Sheoran, J. L. Stott, T. Sugiura, and K. E. Vagnoni. 1998. Report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop, Squaw valley, California, July 1995. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 62:101. PubMed.

7. Kydd, J., D. F. Antczak, W. R. Allen, D. Barbis, G. Butcher, W. Davis, W. P. Duffus, N. Edington, G. Grunig, M. A. Holmes, N. U. K. Paddocks, and et al. 1994. Report of the First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens, Cambridge, UK, July 1991. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 42:3. PubMed.

8. Perryman, L. E. 2000. Primary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:105. PubMed.

9. Davis, J. L., and S. L. Jones. 2003. Equine primary immunodeficiencies. Comp Cont Educ Pract 25:548.

10. Sellon, D. C. 2000. Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:117. PubMed.

11. Ainsworth, D. M., J. A. Appleton, S. W. Eicker, R. Luce, M. Julia Flaminio, and D. F. Antczak. 2003. The effect of strenuous exercise on mRNA concentrations of interleukin-12, interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in equine pulmonary and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 91:61. PubMed.

12. Horohov, D. W., A. Dimock, P. Guirnalda, R. W. Folsom, K. H. McKeever, and K. Malinowski. 1999. Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am J Vet Res 60:643. PubMed.

13. Hines, M. T., H. C. n. Schott, W. M. Bayly, and A. J. Leroux. 1996. Exercise and immunity: a review with emphasis on the horse. J Vet Intern Med 10:280. PubMed.

14. Slater, J., and D. Hannant. 2000. Equine immunity to viruses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:49. PubMed.

15. Rosas, C. T., L. B. Goodman, J. von Einem, and N. Osterrieder. 2006. Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis? Expert Rev Vaccines 5:119. PubMed.

16. Paillot, R., D. Hannant, J. H. Kydd, and J. M. Daly. 2006. Vaccination against equine influenza: quid novi? Vaccine 24:4047. PubMed.

17. Kydd, J. H., H. G. G. Townsend, and D. Hannant. 2006. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: The virus and its vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunop 111:15. PubMed.

18. Minke, J. M., J. C. Audonnet, and L. Fischer. 2004. Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future. Vet Res 35:425. PubMed.

19. Olsen, C. W. 2000. DNA vaccination against influenza viruses: a review with emphasis on equine and swine influenza. Vet Microbiol 74:149. PubMed.

20. Klei, T. R. 2000. Equine immunity to parasites. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:69. PubMed.

21. Mendoza, L., and J. C. Newton. 2005. Immunology and immunotherapy of the infections caused by Pythium insidiosum. Med Mycol 43:477. PubMed.

22. Spencer, J. A., S. E. Ellison, A. J. Guarino, and B. L. Blagburn. 2004. Cell-mediated immune responses in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Parasitol 90:428. PubMed.

23. Klei, T. R., and M. R. Chapman. 1999. Immunity in equine cyathostome infections. Vet Parasitol 85:123. PubMed.

24. Patton, K. M., T. C. McGuire, M. T. Hines, R. H. Mealey, and S. A. Hines. 2005. Rhodococcus equi-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in immune horses and development in asymptomatic foals. Infect Immun 73:2083. PubMed.

25. Patton, K. M., T. C. McGuire, D. G. Fraser, and S. A. Hines. 2004. Rhodococcus equi-infected macrophages are recognized and killed by CD8+ T lymphocytes in a major histocompatibility complex class I-unrestricted fashion. Infect Immun 72:7073. PubMed.

26. Chaffin, M. K., N. D. Cohen, R. J. Martens, R. F. Edwards, M. Nevill, and R. Smith, 3rd. 2004. Hematologic and immunophenotypic factors associated with development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia of foals at equine breeding farms with endemic infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 100:33. PubMed.

27. Kohler, A. K., D. M. Stone, M. T. Hines, B. A. Byrne, D. C. Alperin, L. K. Norton, and S. A. Hines. 2003. Rhodococcus equi secreted antigens are immunogenic and stimulate a type 1 recall response in the lungs of horses immune to R. equi infection. Infect Immun 71:6329. PubMed.

28. Hooper-McGrevy, K. E., B. N. Wilkie, and J. F. Prescott. 2003. Immunoglobulin G subisotype responses of pneumonic and healthy, exposed foals and adult horses to Rhodococcus equi virulence associated proteins. Clin Diagn Lab Immun 10:345. PubMed.

29. Giguere, S., and J. F. Prescott. 2000. Equine immunity to bacteria. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:29. PubMed.

30. Artiushin, S. C., J. F. Timoney, A. S. Sheoran, and S. K. Muthupalani. 2002. Characterization and immunogenicity of pyrogenic mitogens SePE-H and SePE-I of Streptococcus equi. Microb Pathogenesis 32:71. PubMed.

31. Dixon, S., M. Haswell, D. Harrington, and I. C. Sutcliffe. 2001. Surface immunolocalisation of HPr in the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:486. PubMed.

32. Nally, J. E., S. Artiushin, A. S. Sheoran, P. J. Burns, B. Simon, R. M. Gilley, J. Gibson, S. Sullivan, and J. F. Timoney. 2000. Induction of mucosal and systemic antibody specific for SeMF3 of Streptococcus equi by intranasal vaccination using a sucrose acetate isobutyrate based delivery system. Vaccine 19:492. PubMed.

33. Sheoran, A. S., S. Artiushin, and J. F. Timoney. 2002. Nasal mucosal immunogenicity for the horse of a SeM peptide of Streptococcus equi genetically coupled to cholera toxin. Vaccine 20:1653. PubMed.

34. Kacskovics, I. 2004. Fc receptors in livestock species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 102:351. PubMed.

35. Morton, H. C., R. J. Pleass, A. K. Storset, P. Brandtzaeg, and J. M. Woof. 2005. Cloning and characterization of equine CD89 and identification of the CD89 gene in chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Immunology 115:74. PubMed.

36. McAleese, S. M., and H. R. P. Miller. 2003. Cloning and sequencing of the equine and ovine high-affinity IgE receptor beta- and gamma-chain cDNA. Immunogenetics 55:122. PubMed.

37. Sheoran, A. S., D. P. Lunn, and M. A. Holmes. 1998. Monoclonal antibodies to subclass-specific antigenic determinants on equine immunoglobulin gamma chains and their characterization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 62:153. PubMed.

38. Overesch, G., B. Wagner, A. Radbruch, and W. Leibold. 1998. Organisation of the equine immunoglobulin constant heavy chain genes. II. Equine cgamma genes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 66:273. PubMed.

39. Sheoran, A. S., and M. A. Holmes. 1996. Separation of equine IgG subclasses (IgGa, IgGb and IgG(T)) using their differential binding characteristics for staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G. Vet Immunol Immunop 55:33. PubMed.

40. Wagner, B. 2006. Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin genes of the horse. Dev Comp Immunol 30:155. PubMed.

41. Wagner, B., G. Overesch, A. S. Sheoran, M. A. Holmes, C. Richards, W. Leibold, and A. Radbruch. 1998. Organization of the equine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes; III. Alignment of c mu, c gamma, c alpha genes. Immunobiology 199(1): 105-18. PubMed.

42. Wagner, B., G. Siebenkotten, W. Leibold, and A. Radbruch. 1997. Organization of the equine immunoglobulin constant heavy chain genes. I. c epsilon and c alpha genes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 60:1. PubMed.

43. McAleese, S. M., J. K. Brown, A. I. Macrae, A. Mackellar, J. F. Huntley, and H. R. P. Miller. 2006. Cloning and expression of the extra-cellular part of the alpha chain of the equine high-affinity IgE receptor and its use in the detection of IgE. Vet Immunol Immunop 110:187. PubMed.

44. Flaminio, M. J., B. R. Rush, E. G. Davis, K. Hennessy, W. Shuman, and M. J. Wilkerson. 2000. Characterization of peripheral blood and pulmonary leukocyte function in healthy foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:267. PubMed.

45. Breathnach, C. C., T. Sturgill-Wright, J. L. Stiltner, A. A. Adams, D. P. Lunn, and D. W. Horohov. 2006. Foals are interferon gamma-deficient at birth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112:199. PubMed.

46. Boyd, N. K., N. D. Cohen, W. S. Lim, R. J. Martens, M. K. Chaffin, and J. M. Ball. 2003. Temporal changes in cytokine expression of foals during the first month of life. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 92:75. PubMed.

47. Smith, R., M. K. Chaffin, N. D. Cohen, and R. J. Martens. 2002. Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of Quarter Horse foals. Am J Vet Res 63:531. PubMed.

48. Balson, G. A., G. D. Smith, and J. A. Yager. 1997. Immunophenotypic analysis of foal bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes. Vet Microbiol 56:237. PubMed.

49. McClure, J. T., J. L. DeLuca, D. P. Lunn, and J. Miller. 2001. Evaluation of IgG concentration and IgG subisotypes in foals with complete or partial failure of passive transfer after administration of intravenous serum or plasma. Equine Vet J 33:681. PubMed.

50. McTaggart, C., J. Penhale, and S. L. Raidala. 2005. Effect of plasma transfusion on neutrophil function in healthy and septic foals. Aust Vet J 83:499. PubMed.

51. Horvath, D., A. Horvath, O. Kutasi, Z. Bakos, and O. Szenci. 2005. Practical aspects of the immunoglobulin supply state in newborn foals. Literature review. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 127:3.

52. Vivrette, S. 2001. Colostrum and oral immunoglobulin therapy in newborn foals. Comp Cont Educ Pract 23:286.

53. Sheoran, A. S., J. F. Timoney, M. A. Holmes, S. S. Karzenski, and M. V. Crisman. 2000. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. Am J Vet Res 61:1099. PubMed.

54. Giguere, S., and A. C. Polkes. 2005. Immunologic disorders in neonatal foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:241. PubMed.

55. Butler, C. M., C. M. Westermann, J. P. Koeman, and M. M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan. 2006. The Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome also occurs in the Netherlands: a review and six cases. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 131:114. PubMed.

56. Wehrend, A., and H. Bostedt. 1999. Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: A review. Tierarztliche Umschau 54:469.

57. Swiderski, C. E. 2000. Hypersensitivity disorders in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:131. PubMed.

58. MacKay, R. J. 2000. Inflammation in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:15. PubMed.

59. McClure, J. J. 2000. Equine autoimmunity. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:153. PubMed.

60. van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. M. S., and L. S. Goehring. 2001. Immune-mediated skin diseases in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 17:346.

61. Rufenacht, S., E. Marti, C. Von Tscharner, M. G. Doherr, U. Forster, M. Welle, and P. J. Roosje. 2005. Immunoglobulin E-bearing cells and mast cells in skin biopsies of horses with urticaria. Vet Dermatol 16:94. PubMed.

62. Lendau, M., and J. Pringle. 2006. Clinical evaluation of a serum IgE (Fc epsilon receptor) test for equine insect hypersensitivity. J Vet Intern Med 20:756.

63. Ferroglio, E., P. Pregel, A. Accossato, I. Taricco, E. Bollo, L. Rossi, and A. Trisciuoglio. 2006. Equine Culicoides hypersensitivity: Evaluation of a skin test and of humoral response. J Vet Med A 53:30. PubMed.

64. Hines, M. T. 1984. Immunologically mediated ocular disease in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:501. PubMed.

65. Deeg, C. A., M. Ehrenhofer, S. R. Thurau, S. Reese, G. Wildner, and B. Kaspers. 2002. Immunopathology of recurrent uveitis in spontaneously diseased horses. Exp Eye Res 75:127. PubMed.

66. Marti, E., P. Peveri, M. Griot-Wenk, J. Muntwyler, R. Crameri, J. Schaller, H. Gerber, and S. Lazary. 1997. Chicken antibodies to a recombinant fragment of the equine immunoglobulin epsilon heavy-chain recognising native horse IgE. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 59:253. PubMed.

67. Wagner, B., G. Siebenkotten, W. Leibold, and A. Radbruch. 2002. Expression of a 4-(hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl) acetyl (NP) specific equi-murine IgE antibody that mediates histamine release in vitro and a type I skin reaction in vivo. Equine Vet J 34:657. PubMed.

68. Kalina, W. V., H. D. Pettigrew, and L. J. Gershwin. 2003. IgE ELISA using antisera derived from epsilon chain antigenic peptides detects allergen-specific IgE in allergic horses. Vet Immunol Immunop 92:137. PubMed.

69. Laan, T. T., S. Bull, R. Pirie, and J. Fink-Gremmels. 2006. The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. J Vet Intern Med 20:167. PubMed.

70. Kleiber, C., B. C. McGorum, D. W. Horohov, R. S. Pirie, A. Zurbriggen, and R. Straub. 2005. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and airway CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 104:91. PubMed.

71. Debrue, M., E. Hamilton, P. Joubert, S. Lajoie-Kadoch, and J. P. Lavoie. 2005. Chronic exacerbation of equine heaves is associated with an increased expression of interleukin-17 mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 105:25. PubMed.

72. Jackson, K. A., J. L. Stott, D. W. Horohov, and J. L. Watson. 2004. IL-4 induced CD23 (FcepsilonRII) up-regulation in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 101:243. PubMed.

73. Cordeau, M. E., P. Joubert, O. Dewachi, Q. Hamid, and J. P. Lavoie. 2004. IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 97:87. PubMed.

74. Desjardins, I., C. Theoret, P. Joubert, B. Wagner, and J. P. Lavoie. 2004. Comparison of TGF-beta 1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid of horses affected with heaves and of normal controls. Vet Immunol Immunop 101:133. PubMed.

75. Ainsworth, D. M., G. Grunig, M. B. Matychak, J. Young, B. Wagner, H. N. Erb, and D. F. Antczak. 2003. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96:83. PubMed.

76. Beadle, R. E., D. W. Horohov, and S. D. Gaunt. 2002. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses. Equine Vet J 34:389. PubMed.

77. Horohov, D. W., R. E. Beadle, S. Mouch, and S. S. Pourciau. 2005. Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunop 108:237. PubMed.

78. Lavoie, J. P., K. Maghni, M. Desnoyers, R. Taha, J. G. Martin, and Q. A. Hamid. 2001. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1410. PubMed.

79. Fermaglich, D. H., and D. W. Horohov. 2002. The effect of aging on immune responses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:621. PubMed.

80. Horohov, D. W., J. H. Kydd, and D. Hannant. 2002. The effect of aging on T cell responses in the horse. Dev Comp Immunol 26:121. PubMed.

81. Malinowski, K., R. A. Christensen, A. Konopka, C. G. Scanes, and H. D. Hafs. 1997. Feed intake, body weight, body condition score, musculation, and immunocompetence in aged mares given equine somatotropin. J Anim Sci 75:755. PubMed.

82. Goto, H., K. Shimizu, Y. Taya, H. Noda, and T. Tokunaga. 1982. Antibody responses of horses to equine influenza viruses during a postepizootic period in Japan. Can J Comp Med 46:27. PubMed.

83. Townsend, H. G., S. J. Penner, T. C. Watts, A. Cook, J. Bogdan, D. M. Haines, S. Griffin, T. Chambers, R. E. Holland, P. Whitaker-Dowling, J. S. Youngner, and R. W. Sebring. 2001. Efficacy of a cold-adapted, intranasal, equine influenza vaccine: challenge trials. Equine Vet J 33:637. PubMed.

84. Chambers, T. M., R. E. Holland, L. R. Tudor, H. G. Townsend, A. Cook, J. Bogdan, D. P. Lunn, S. Hussey, P. Whitaker-Dowling, J. S. Youngner, R. W. Sebring, S. J. Penner, and G. L. Stiegler. 2001. A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge. Equine Vet J 33:630. PubMed.

85. Breathnach, C. C., H. J. Clark, R. C. Clark, C. W. Olsen, H. G. Townsend, and D. P. Lunn. 2006. Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) constructs encoding the HA or NP gene protects ponies from equine influenza virus challenge. Vaccine 24:1180. PubMed.

86. Lunn, D. P., and H. G. Townsend. 2000. Equine vaccination. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:199. PubMed.

87. Bryans, J. T., and G. P. Allen. 1982. Application of a chemically inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine to control abortigenic infection of mares by equine herpesvirus I. Dev Biol Stand 52:493. PubMed.

88. Holmes, M. A., H. G. Townsend, A. K. Kohler, S. Hussey, C. Breathnach, C. Barnett, R. Holland, and D. P. Lunn. 2006. Immune responses to commercial equine vaccines against equine herpesvirus-1, equine influenza virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and tetanus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 111:67. PubMed.

89. Lunn, D. P., S. Hussey, R. Sebing, K. E. Rushlow, S. V. Radecki, P. Whitaker-Dowling, J. S. Youngner, T. M. Chambers, R. E. Holland, Jr., and D. W. Horohov. 2001. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:900. PubMed.

90. Nelson, K. M., B. R. Schram, M. W. McGregor, A. S. Sheoran, C. W. Olsen, and D. P. Lunn. 1998. Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination. Vaccine 16:1306. PubMed.

91. Soboll, G., J. M. Whalley, M. T. Koen, G. P. Allen, D. G. Fraser, M. D. Macklin, W. F. Swain, and D. P. Lunn. 2003. Identification of equine herpesvirus-1 antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 84:2625. PubMed.

92. Breathnach, C. C., M. R. Yeargan, A. S. Sheoran, and G. P. Allen. 2001. The mucosal humoral immune response of the horse to infective challenge and vaccination with equine herpesvirus-1 antigens. Equine Vet J 33:651. PubMed.

93. Kydd, J. H., E. Wattrang, and D. Hannant. 2003. Pre-infection frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion following experimental infection of pregnant mares. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96:207. PubMed.

94. Breathnach, C. C., G. Soboll, M. Suresh, and D. P. Lunn. 2005. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection induces IFN-gamma production by equine T lymphocyte subsets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 103:207. PubMed.

95. Paillot, R., J. M. Daly, V. Juillard, J. M. Minke, D. Hannant, and J. H. Kydd. 2005. Equine interferon gamma synthesis in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in vitro stimulation with EHV-1. Vaccine 23:4541. PubMed.

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