1	"A Concept and Design for..." A Concept and Design for Increasing Capacity
2	Biofilter Types Submerged Trickle Filter Rotating Bio-Contactor Bead Fluidized Bed Hybrid Combinations
3	Traditional Single-Pass, Submerged Biofilter
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7	Shunt? Diverting to an alternate path Creating bypass flow Septal heart defect -- blood bypasses the lungs
8	"(Using Airlift Pump)" (Using Airlift Pump)
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11	Residence (Retention) Time Biofilter volume = 600 gal Inflow from culture tank = 20 gal/min 600 gal ÷ 20 gal/min = 30 min Residence Time = 30 min
12	Virtual Residence Time Shunt flow = 600 gal/min 30 min X 600 gal/min = 18,000 gal 18,000 gal ÷ 20 gal/min = 900 min Virtual Residence Time = 900 min
13	Improved Capacity Residence time = 900 min. vs. 30 min. A 30-fold increase
14	"(Using Airlift Pumps)" (Using Airlift Pumps)
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17	"(Using Airlift Pumps)" (Using Airlift Pumps)
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29	Biofiltration Efficiency? Reaction time -- rate of nitrification (?) Surface area of filtration media
30	Factors Affecting Nitrification Ammonia & nitrite concentrations Flow rate -- ideal vs. maximum (?)
31	Design Considerations Match pipe diameters with flow rates External shunt shares drain with biofilter Common drain must handle combined flow Internal shunt grid must match airlift capacity Conical bottom (?) Use shunts with other filters (bead, RBC, trickle, etc.)
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36	Filtration Media
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39	"www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/Wurtspage.htm" www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/Wurtspage.htm see also, www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/AirliftPumps.pdf
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